Azeri fossil-fuel cash cow brings controversy to Switzerland

Socar, Azerbaijan’s state energy company, is a key source of public funding for the country. It also relies heavily on business in Switzerland, where it has not escaped scrutiny.

As another petrostate playing host to the United Nations climate conference (COP29), the central Asian country of Azerbaijan is being entrusted to forge international agreements over decisive issues such as climate finance and transparency in carbon markets. Its state oil-and-gas company, a backbone of the country’s economy, has meanwhile built a solid if controversial business presence in Switzerland.

With roughly 200 Socar petrol stations located throughout the Alpine country, Swiss drivers are familiar with their green, red and blue logo. Some may also have loyalty cards for the Migros retail chain handy when picking up a few last-minute groceries at the pumping stations’ Migrolino shops, due to a franchise agreement with Azerbaijan’s state energy company.

But Socar, the Azeri company, has also been central in setting the stage for this year’s global climate conference. COP29’s president is Mukhtar Babayev, Azerbaijan’s ecology and natural resources minister and a former Socar official. The nation’s head of state, Ilham Aliyev, was Socar’s vice-president until he succeeded his late father as the country’s leader in 2003.

“Azerbaijan is Socar, and Socar is Azerbaijan,” Altay Goyushov, formerly a history professor from Baku State University, told SWI swissinfo.ch during a recent visit to Geneva. While the country produces only 1% of the world’s oil and gas, its fossil fuels make up 90% of its exports and 64% of government revenues.

Azerbaijan touts ‘greening’ of war zone with Socar support 

Weeks after Baku announced it would host COP29, Socar proclaimed the creation of a green energy subsidiary, a move that critics allege involved posturing with little impact. In 2023, according to the World Benchmarking, Socar ranked 91 out of 99 oil and gas firms in terms of climate credentials.

The Azeri government organised a media tour for foreign journalists to areas of Nagorno-Karabakh earlier this year to showcase the “green” reconstruction of territories captured during its long war with Armenia. Azerbaijan’s national climate plan submitted to the UN climate process states: “In order to revitalise the territories liberated from occuption”, it would implement projects such as “green energy” zone, “green” agriculture, “green” transport, “smart” city, “smart” village and reforestation.

The military operation in Nagorno-Karabakh, which ended in December 2023, left the area void of its Armenian population, which until recently represented its majority.

NGOs Urgewald and Bankwatch Network allege that Socar has been complicit in the military operations, which legal experts say amounted to “war crimes”. Socar contributes to the government’s nationalist propaganda in social media posts.

Over the past year, the government has also cracked down hard on dissent, arbitrarily sentencing journalists, civil society members and anyone critical of the government. Reporters Without Borders put the country near the bottom of its press freedom index at 167 out of 180.

“It is the backbone of the government,” says the Azeri professor Goyushov of Socar’s role in repression by Baku. “It is because of the strength of Socar that all of these things are happening.” Goyushov now teaches at Science Politiques in Paris, having left Azerbaijan following a government campaign accusing him of being a traitor, which he denies.

Migros, Swiss government under scrutiny

Amid the repression and what the European Union parliament and Armenia have said amounted to “ethnic cleansing” in Nagorno Karabakh, Migros has come under growing pressure for a partnership its Migrolino subsidiary concluded with the state-owned energy firm Socar, which took over the Swiss-based petrol stations from Esso in 2012.

Civil society groups in Switzerland, including the Swiss-Armenian Association and Christian Solidarity International, have condemned the business deal.

In 2023, some members of the Swiss parliament, also incensed by the business relationship, wrote to Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis in protest. According to the newspaper Blick, the letter read: “Switzerland must stop financing the military attack and ethnic cleansing.”

A spokesperson from the Swiss foreign ministry said that Switzerland “expects Swiss-based companies to respect human rights in their business activities”.

In an email response to questions from SWI swissinfo.ch, Migros spokesperson Estelle Hain wrote: “Neither Migrolino AG nor Migros have any contacts with Azerbaijan. However, Migrolino AG is bound to Socar Energy Switzerland through long-term contracts under Swiss law.”

“Migros regrets that conflicts have arisen in the region,” Hain added. “It explicitly welcomes dialogue and diplomatic efforts for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.”

Emin Huseynov, an Azeri government critic who was forced into exile in Switzerland in 2015, said that governments had the opportunity to put pressure on Baku ahead of the UN climate conference but failed to do so, preferring instead to work with Azerbaijan and provide it with development cooperation funding. 

“Civil society in the country must act, but they are not receiving any support from like-minded states, including Switzerland,” he said.

Geneva-based Socar trading office in web of suspicious payments

Socar’s energy trading office is located in Geneva, below a rooftop sign visible from the Swiss city’s riverside. Mariam Almaszade, recently named by newspaper Le Temps as one of the 100 personalities shaping French-speaking Switzerland, has headed the office s